If you're talking something simpler than a PhD-thesis kind of thing, I would imagine that a port (like a glowplug hole) could be used with a optical sensor and some wicked fast electronics.
Or you could watch EGTs and make some guesses.
Or for oil-squirter equipped engines maybe you could watch the oil temp very closely.
They do this kind of thing in universities all the time but it's usually some frankensteined small diesel with crazy access to all the parts. Like the one with the sapphire piston that lets you see the injection plume and burn process. Wicked cool. But probably never run like we run our trucks.